![]() The outstanding performance of the developed 3-node triangular flat shell element, so-called the CS-MITC18+ shell element, was demonstrated through the static and free vibration analyses of several benchmark shell structures. The shear-locking removal MITC3+ technique was employed to interpolate the transverse shear strains. The membrane and bending stiffness matrices were then efficiently determined by the line integration of the smoothing domains’ boundaries. ![]() The true drilling degrees of freedom of the proposed element, which is independent from user-defined coefficients, was achieved by cell-based smoothing the Allman’s membrane strains. New cell-based smoothed (CS) bending strains were derived from the displacement approximations enriched by a cubic shape function for the rotations at the bubble node located at the centroid of the triangular element. ![]() An enhanced 3-node triangular flat shell element with 18 degrees of freedom according to the Reissner–Mindlin theory is presented in this paper. ![]()
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